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Continued work on Linux note (apt and man)

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TrudeEH
2025-04-10 11:11:03 +01:00
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content/.obsidian/workspace.json vendored
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"notes/git.md",
"posts/dotfiles.md",

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└── spool (Spool directories)
```
## APT
## Package Managers
## Manuals
Without a package manager, the only way to install new programs would be to manually compile them from source. Although it is possible to install software this way, having a central software repository facilitates installing new software, managing updates, and configuring each package for the distribution it is running on.
man
Debian uses `apt` as its package manager.
### Repositories
Most distributions have a repository of their own: Some distributions only provide source code, but the vast majority serve pre-compiled packages instead. For example, on Debian, it's common to use `deb.debian.org` as a remote to fetch packages from, but many more are available.
Debian has three releases in active maintenance:
- `stable`: The recommended production release.
- `testing`: Contains newer, less tested versions of software.
- `unstable`: Used mainly by developers; Has the latest packages.
To add a new package (or version of the package) to Debian, it is first reviewed by maintainers, then, if accepted, it is added to `unstable`. After waiting a period of time to make sure the program meets the testing criteria (few bugs, dependencies are met, etc), the program is moved to `testing`. Eventually, after further testing and error correction, the entire `testing` branch becomes Debian's next `stable` release.
A package is a collection of software, containing executables, libraries, configuration, documentation, and metadata. This metadata includes the package name, version, dependencies and maintainer, to name a few. To read a package's metadata, run: `apt info package_name`.
### Configure Repositories
Repositories are configured in the `/etc/apt/sources.list` file. For example:
```
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ testing main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ testing main non-free contrib
deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security testing-security main
```
Alternatively, repositories can also be placed under `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/`, as individual `.list` files. `apt` merges both locations when searching for packages.
There are two ways to configure repositories: Using their codename, or release type.
For example, at the time of writing, the testing branch is code-named `trixie`.
```
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ trixie main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ trixie main non-free contrib
deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security trixie-security main
```
Initially, this configuration would serve the exact same purpose as the previous one, however, after the `testing` branch is ready, it becomes the next stable release, and `apt` would continue to use `trixie`, which would be the new stable release. Using codenames this way prevents `apt` from upgrading to the next Debian version automatically. Using `stable` would always point to the next stable release, which would now be `bookworm`, but in the near future, would automatically switch to `trixie`. The exception to this rule is `unstable` (`sid`), as it is a *rolling release*, and has no versions. Once a package is tested on it, it is merged with the testing branch, individually.
> **WARNING**: While upgrading to a newer version is supported, **downgrading** is **not**. Moving from `trixie` to `bookworm`, for example, would break `apt`. The correct way to downgrade is to use the codename for the testing release, and wait for it to become stable.
### Update Packages
When `apt update` is executed, `apt` first downloads the index for every repository available, and then builds a local package database. Then, to actually upgrade the installed packages, use `apt upgrade`.
The following commands would update every package on the system and perform `apt` maintenance tasks:
```bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt full-upgrade # Allows handling of dependencies by removing or installing new packages. Same as dist-upgrade.
sudo apt autoremove # Remove unused dependencies.
sudo apt autoclean # Remove old local repository entries.
```
### Manage Packages
```bash
apt search search_term # Search in package descriptions
sudo apt install package_name # Install a package
sudo apt remove package_name # Remove the binary package
sudo apt purge package_name # Remove the binary package and configuration files
```
## Manual Pages
Debian packages often come with manual pages (especially command-line utilities). These files are typically written in the `troff` format, with the `-man` macros, and are moved to `/usr/share/man` after installation.
The `man` utility can search for manual pages and display their content using a pager such as `less`. It can also handle `BSD` manual pages in the `mdoc` format.
To read the manual page for a given utility, run:
```bash
man utility
```
While reading the page, press `h` to display help within `less`.
### Sections
Man pages are organized into sections:
1. Executable programs or shell commands
2. System calls
3. Library calls
4. Special files (devices)
5. File formats and conventions
6. Games
7. Miscellaneous (macro packages, etc...)
8. System administration commands (usually for root)
9. Kernel routines (non-standard)
```bash
man section utility # Read the manual page for utility in section.
```
### Search
Both the following commands search for man pages containing `search_term` in their short description.
```bash
man -k search_term
apropos search_term
```
Use `man -k .` to list all known pages.
## Networking
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After Network Manager is enabled, the `nmtui` command can be used to easily connect to new networks and change configurations.
## Compilers???
## Desktop
Desktop Environments...
@@ -727,3 +828,5 @@ Desktop Environments...
### Wayland
### Window Managers
### Desktop Environments

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If you found that I made a mistake, want to improve one of my circuits, or have any constructive feedback to share, please contact me, and I will happily add your name to the credits.
Everything in this website, including other notes and posts (and the website itself) is open-source, licensed under the `MIT`. Feel free to use it for your own research. If you'd like to submit a PR or Issue on [GitHub](https://github.com/TrudeEH/web), I would appreciate it!
Everything in this website, including other notes and posts (and the website itself) is open-source, licensed under the `MIT` license. Feel free to use it for your own research. If you'd like to submit a PR or Issue on [GitHub](https://github.com/TrudeEH/web), I would appreciate it!